This thematic evaluation, commissioned by the Headquarters (HQ) Supply Chain and Retail and Markets (SCOLR) team, examines WFP’s Contribution to Market Systems in South Sudan and Bangladesh. The SCOLR unit works to optimize supply chains for reaching remote fragmented markets affected by natural disasters or conflict. Market development activities (MDA), including Retail engagement (REA), which encompass supply chain and market solutions are implemented for improving market functionality. MDAs implemented as part of the CBT interventions were the subject of this thematic evaluation. The evaluation was carried out from April 2023 to November 2023 and covered MDAs in Bangladesh and South Sudan, which were among the first countries to formally implement MDAs, from January 2018 to December 2022. The evaluation utilized a Utilization-Focused Evaluation (UFE) methodology, integrating the Theory of Change (TOC) to assess the effectiveness, efficiency, sustainability, and impact of Market Development Activities (MDAs) and Retail Engagement Activities (REAs). This approach provided insights into how these activities influenced market systems, including product assortment, availability, pricing, and their impact on beneficiary market interactions. The evaluation also accounted for inclusion factors, ensuring a thorough understanding of the interventions’ effectiveness and sustainability across diverse beneficiary groups.